Q. Who discoverd the ethanolic fermentation? What are the requirements for fermentation?

Q. Who discoverd the ethanolic fermentation?

Ans:     Lactate and ethanolic fermentations were discovered by

Chain Westmen in 1910. He also discovered a bacterium Clostridium acctobacterium which carried out these fermentations.

Q. What raw material is required for the fermentation process?

Ans:     Most common raw materials are carbohydrates used to

drive energy e.g., starches, cellulose, glucose, lactose are the common carbohydrates.

Q. What are the requirements for fermentation?

Ans:     Following are the requirements for fermentation:

(i)     Raw material

(ii)    Microorganism

(iii)    Optimal conditions

(iv)     Product recovery

Q. What are the organisms used in fermentation? ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION, LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION

Q. What are the organisms used in fermentation?

Ans: The organisms which are commercially exploited to produce industrially important products are:

Yeasts:      Produce ethanol and other products

Molds:      Produce organic acid and antibiotics

Bacteria: Produce various organic acids

Q. What is the difference between alcoholic and lactic acid fermentations?

Ans:     Both ethanolic and lactic acid fermentations are

anaerobic types of fermentation the lactic acid fermentation, is carried out by the bacteria arid no evolution of CO2 occurs and ethanolic fermentation is carried out in presence of yeast with the evolution of CO2.

Q, What is ethanolic fermentation?

Ans:     Ethanolic fermentation is anaerobic type of fermentation

(i.e., incomplete oxidation of organic substances to

FERMENTATION, TYPES OF FERMENTATION, AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC FERMENTATION

FERMENTATION

Q.        What is fermentation?

Ans:     Fermentation is a process in which chemical

transformations of organic substances are accomplished through the activity of the enzymes produced by the microorganisms.

Q. What are the common types of fermentation?

Ans:     There are two important types of fermentation:

(i)        Aerobic fermentation

(ii)       Anaerobic fermentation

Q.        What is anaerobic fermentation?

Ans:     Anaerobic fermentation involves the anaerobic

degradation of organic nutrients e.g., glucose to obtain energy in the form of ATP and produce various products. Anaerobic fermentation is carried out in the presence of anaerobic organisms and in the absence of oxygen.

PCR, DNA FINGER PRINTING

Q.        What is use of PCR?

Ans:    (i) Genes in which mutations are known to cause disease

may be sequenced by PCR.

(ii) It may be used quickly to detect bacterial or viral infections.

Q.        Define DNA finger printing?

Ans:     In this technique, analysis probe hybridizes to sequence

between restriction enzyme sites that are highly polymorphic.

Q. Give uses of DNA finger printing?

Ans:     (i) Forensic identification.

(ii)      Identifying parentage.

(iii)       For evaluation of success of bone marrow transplant

Q. Write down at least five analytical techniques based on this technology?

Q. Write down at least five analytical techniques based on this technology?

Ans:    (i) Southern blot analysis.

(ii) Northern blot analysis 

(III) RELP Linkage analysis

(iv)      DNA fingerprinting

(v)        (Polymerase Chain Reaction) PCR

                      DNA Sequencing

Write down significance of Eukaryotic cell cloning?

Q.        Write down significance of Eukaryotic cell

cloning?

Ans:    For research, drug production and therapeutic purpose,

transfer of Eukaryotic cells with recombinant DNA is required. It has following important uses:

(i)               For treatment of hemophilia B, familal hypercholesterolemia

(ii)             Germ line cells can also be mad to take up recombinant DNA which then becomes heritable DNA. Such eggs or cells can be implanted into pseudopregnant females, where they continue normal fetal development. Upon birth, their somatic and germline cells carry transfected genes.

Q. What is cloning cDNA, Genomic library?

Q.        What is cloning cDNA?

Ans:    It means cloning of a double-stranded copy of an RNA.

Q.        Define Genomic library?

Ans:    Genomic library or bank refers to a library of clones that

contains every sequence from the genome of a specific organism. These banks are used as a sources for clones of genes from a particular organism.